Executive Summary On September 25th Italy will elect its 67th government since the second world war This comes at a time of soaring...

Executive Summary Central banks seek to shepherd the economy through cyclical shifts If an economy runs too hot inflation can take hold,...

Summary Debt to GDP levels have risen to historically high levels in many countries The UK, much like others in the G7, has borrowed in...

Summary The UK's current Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, is under siege. In early June he survived a vote of 'no confidence' with 148 MPs...

Summary With over €674Bn of debt maturing in 2022 and 2023 and secular rises in interest rates, Italy has been in the news. The ECB is...

Summary In a previous post we examined the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy; specifically the use of QE and short end rate changes to...

Neural networks are a popular AI solution. They are at the heart of facial recognition, speech processing, autonomous driving, medical...

Summary We examine the Federal' Reserve's mandate for price stability. We look at the track record of US price stability since the mid...

With Inflation and Central Bank rate rises making the front pages again, we thought it was worthwhile to publish a short primer on...

In the past few years, AI has been everywhere. From self-driving cars to voice assistants, from image recognition to language...

Backpropagation is How Neural Networks 'Learn'. How to train a neural network, by tweaking its weights and biases during training This is...

In this fourth post on neural networks we are going to see how neural networks ‘learn’. Or are ‘trained’. In the first post we looked at...

Neurons are organised into 'layers'. Each layer sends activations to the next layer in the chain. In this post we’ll get to grips with...

This is the second post in this series on neural networks. In the first post we introduced the artificial neuron. In the next posts we...

The era of Decentralised Finance (DeFi) is upon us. DeFi will disrupt the financial system for the better. But it will take time to gain...

A look at some of the most impactful use-cases so far The capital markets industry is often an early adopter of new technology. Back in...